{"id":39,"date":"2016-05-15T20:00:01","date_gmt":"2016-05-16T01:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/?p=39"},"modified":"2016-03-18T18:38:22","modified_gmt":"2016-03-18T23:38:22","slug":"gaps","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/2016\/05\/15\/gaps\/","title":{"rendered":"Gaps"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>What is the biggest gap in robotics research?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>There are two major gaps that we should at least investigate as part of the process of defining robotics as a discipline.<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0We don\u2019t have positive laws. \u00a0Our history is still largely\u00a0trial and error and scavenging from other disciplines, rather than the development of foundational design principles or laws governing the creation or operation of robots in general.<\/p>\n<p>We do have recognizable (tongue-in-cheek) negative laws, roughly equivalent to Murphy&#8217;s Law.<\/p>\n<p>The First Law of Robotics: \u00a0You&#8217;re wrong (you set the parameters wrong, the user doesn&#8217;t need the robot to do whatever it was you thought they wanted, your model of the environment was wrong, etc.);<\/p>\n<p>The Second\u00a0Law of Robotics: \u00a0On a good day, half the robots in your lab are actually working (alternate version: \u00a0Your robot is working a little over (or under) half the time. \u00a0This has actually been demonstrated in two\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.1.9684&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\">longitudinal studies<\/a>);<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0Third\u00a0Law of Robotics: \u00a0All demos are faked or staged in some way (if you want to demonstrate a particular behavior or capability, you need to stage the demo so that that specific behavior or capability is required);<\/p>\n<p>The Fourth Law of Robotics: \u00a0The likelihood of something going wrong with the demo is proportional to the importance of the people you&#8217;re putting it on for;<\/p>\n<p>Corollary to the Fourth Law: \u00a0The thing that goes wrong with your demo will be unrelated to what you are trying to demonstrate, but will completely prevent you from demonstrating the important part of your work.<\/p>\n<p>2. \u00a0 \u00a0 We have trouble defining the space in which we work. \u00a0For example, autonomy means to operate without outside control, but the human intervention axis is demonstrably not equivalent to the autonomy axis.<\/p>\n<p>Since one of the most common categorization tools for <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nist.gov\/el\/isd\/ks\/autonomy_levels.cfm\">levels of autonomy<\/a> does not make this distinction clear, a simple example is provided.<\/p>\n<p>We can define four extreme types of robots:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Clockwork <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Automaton\">Automaton<\/a>:\u00a0 robots that do the same thing, every time you start them, without any feedback from sensors (or even communications) about their environment.\u00a0 They are incapable of changing their actions, but require no human intervention once activated. \u00a0A <a href=\"http:\/\/www.explainthatstuff.com\/how-clockwork-works.html\">wind-up toy<\/a> is the simplest example of these, but extremely complex mechanisms have been built.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Remote_control_vehicle\">Remote Control<\/a>:\u00a0 robots that need to be given explicit direction from a human operator at all times; without continuous input from the operator, they will simply stop moving.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cs.utep.edu\/novick\/papers\/mi.aaai.html\">Mixed Initiative<\/a>: robots that interact with their human operators to determine the best course of action &#8211; these are autonomous systems that can make suggestions to their operators and sometimes act on their operators&#8217; suggestions and sometimes act on the basis of their own decisions.<\/li>\n<li>Autonomous: robots that can perform tasks robustly in unconstrained environments\u00a0 based on local sensing without any human intervention. \u00a0These include everything from a <a href=\"http:\/\/store.irobot.com\/vacuum-cleaning\/roomba-robots\/family.jsp?categoryId=2501652\">Roomba(TM)<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chappie_(film)\">Chappie<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>On the human intervention axis, clockwork and autonomous robots lie at the &#8220;less&#8221; end of the scale, while remote control and mixed-initiative systems both involve significant human interaction. \u00a0On the autonomy axis, clockwork and remote control robots lie at the &#8220;none&#8221; end of the scale while autonomous and mixed-initiative systems demonstrate significant autonomy.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/AutonomyVsInteraction.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-114\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-114\" src=\"http:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/AutonomyVsInteraction-300x300.png\" alt=\"AutonomyVsInteraction\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/AutonomyVsInteraction-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/AutonomyVsInteraction-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/AutonomyVsInteraction.png 448w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Mixed initiative robots require less interaction than remote control robots, but the quality of that interaction requires more expertise and understanding of the problem and the environment. \u00a0The purpose of the human in a remote control system is to provide the low level feedback loop in the controller linking the sensory inputs and the motor outputs. \u00a0The purpose of the human in a mixed initiative system is to work with the robot to jointly develop a solution to a complex problem and to provide the additional context not available to the robot. \u00a0No robots have no interaction with a human. \u00a0Even clockwork automata and fully autonomous robots have at least one interaction with a human &#8211; neither can start until a human activates a mechanism or sends a command.<\/p>\n<p>But the core problem associated with\u00a0both\u00a0gaps is that the space represented by this diagram involves many, many different kinds of robots, performing many, many different kinds of jobs.<\/p>\n<p>In some ways, this is like mathematics &#8212; both robotics and mathematics involve the study of many apparently disparate approaches to understanding the world, unified by a philosophical approach to problem solving, and both result in tools that are useful to many disciplines outside their own.<\/p>\n<p>In mathematics, we have logic and proofs, algebra, geometry, and calculus, set theory and \u00a0probability. \u00a0In robotics, we have physical platform designs, perception, actuation, and manipulation, planning and decision making.<\/p>\n<p>In mathematics, we have a philosophical approach to understanding the world that revolves around the definition of number and the definition of object. \u00a0In robotics, we have a philosophical approach to understanding the world that revolves around the actions required to achieve a goal.<\/p>\n<p>In mathematics we have interest rates and statistical analysis supporting the financial industry, we have Fourier transforms describing electrical and acoustic waveforms, enabling us to listen to recorded music and communicate with people in space and around the world, and we have boolean logic, providing the underpinning for all the binary manipulations occurring in every computer we make.<\/p>\n<p>In robotics, we have vacuum cleaners in peoples&#8217; homes, we have robots that package, robots that assemble, and robots that deliver, and we have robots that swim and fly and tunnel, gathering information about hurricanes and pipes and volcanos.<\/p>\n<p>What mathematics has that robotics doesn&#8217;t have is clearly spelled out foundations. \u00a0In mathematics, we know that before you can do mathematics rather than arithmetic, before you can really think like a mathematician, you need a bunch of fundamental tools. \u00a0Before you can really understand calculus, it&#8217;s important to understand algebra, and before you understand algebra, it&#8217;s important to understand the basics: \u00a0addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, fractions, and graphs. \u00a0The mathematics community largely agrees on what those fundamental tools are, just like the electrical engineering community largely agrees that <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ohm%27s_law\">Ohm&#8217;s Law<\/a> is a fundamental tool in understanding electricity.<\/p>\n<p>So I suppose I should change my answer: \u00a0the largest gap in robotics as a discipline is the lack of agreement on what constitutes the fundamental tools of our trade.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is the biggest gap in robotics research? There are two major gaps that we should at least investigate as part of the process of defining robotics as a discipline. 1.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0We don\u2019t have positive laws. \u00a0Our history is still largely\u00a0trial and error and scavenging from other disciplines, rather than the development of foundational design [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-foundations"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":158,"href":"https:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39\/revisions\/158"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=39"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/robotistry.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=39"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}